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This Special Issue contributes original research and review articles on the role of new protein, molecular, and genetic markers used for the diagnosis and progression of civilization diseases, as well as biomarkers useful in the monitoring the effects of the implemented treatment.

Medicine --- pharmacogenomics --- NGS variants --- personalized medicine --- FSHR --- personalized drug therapy --- hedgehog-interacting protein --- impaired fasting glucose --- impaired glucose tolerance --- newly diagnosed diabetes --- normal glucose tolerance --- inflammatory bowel disease --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- extracellular matrix components --- hyaluronan --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- Crohn’s disease (CD) --- ulcerative colitis (UC) --- sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) --- hyaluronan (HA) --- soluble part of syndecan-1 (sCD138) --- microRNA --- cardiovascular disease --- diabetes --- mortality --- antiplatelet therapy --- platelet reactivity --- Let-7e --- miR-126 --- miR-223 --- miR-125a-3p --- CCL11 --- CCL24 --- CCL26 --- CCR3 --- CRC --- adiponectin --- adipokines --- rheumatology --- obesity --- overweight --- case control study --- rheumatoid arthritis --- TNF-α inhibitors --- bone turnover markers --- PINP --- PICP --- NTX-I --- CTX-I --- RANKL/OPG --- ovarian cancer --- interleukin 21 --- interleukin 22 --- lymphocytes --- macrophages --- dendritic cells --- innate lymphoid cells --- breast cancer --- extracellular matrix --- proteins --- tumorigenesis --- tumor microenvironment

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In the past several years, the otorhinolaryngology sector has had a significantimpact on social life. About 10% of the cancers that affect the populationannually concern the head and neck, and each year the guidelines evolve andchange.Emergencies of the otolaryngology sector are among the most common, withnumerous increases in hospitalizations in the ENT department (e.g., bleeding,abscesses, and dyspnoea). Interventions in the election can significantly improvepatients' quality of life and help avoid future complications.Given the importance of the medical and surgical branch of otorhinolaryngology,we want to underline the impact in social life of this important area.

Medicine --- anemia --- hearing loss --- auditory threshold shifts --- pure tone average --- pneumoparotid --- pneumoparotitis --- parotitis --- Stensen’s duct --- head and neck --- endomeatal approach --- cochlear implant --- posterior tympanotomy --- tinnitus --- without mastoidectomy --- quality of life assessment --- tracheoesophageal speech --- tracheo-esophageal puncture --- OSA --- pharyngoplasty --- sleep surgery --- pharynx --- dextromethorphan --- noise --- cochlea --- synapse --- eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) --- chronic nasal obstruction --- turbinate hypertrophy --- ETDQ-7 --- susac syndrome --- multimodal imaging --- optical coherence tomography angiography --- retinal branch artery occlusion --- fluorescein angiography --- otitis media with effusion --- child --- biofilms --- ameloblastoma --- ameloblastic carcinoma --- nestin --- CD138 --- syndecan-1 --- alpha-SMA --- stemness markers --- total thyroidectomy --- recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis --- Voice Handicap Index --- speech range profile --- acute acoustic trauma --- noise induced hearing loss --- hyperbaric oxygen therapy --- Ménière’s disease --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- risk factors --- case–control studies --- cohort studies

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This Special Issue contributes original research and review articles on the role of new protein, molecular, and genetic markers used for the diagnosis and progression of civilization diseases, as well as biomarkers useful in the monitoring the effects of the implemented treatment.

Medicine --- pharmacogenomics --- NGS variants --- personalized medicine --- FSHR --- personalized drug therapy --- hedgehog-interacting protein --- impaired fasting glucose --- impaired glucose tolerance --- newly diagnosed diabetes --- normal glucose tolerance --- inflammatory bowel disease --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- extracellular matrix components --- hyaluronan --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- Crohn’s disease (CD) --- ulcerative colitis (UC) --- sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) --- hyaluronan (HA) --- soluble part of syndecan-1 (sCD138) --- microRNA --- cardiovascular disease --- diabetes --- mortality --- antiplatelet therapy --- platelet reactivity --- Let-7e --- miR-126 --- miR-223 --- miR-125a-3p --- CCL11 --- CCL24 --- CCL26 --- CCR3 --- CRC --- adiponectin --- adipokines --- rheumatology --- obesity --- overweight --- case control study --- rheumatoid arthritis --- TNF-α inhibitors --- bone turnover markers --- PINP --- PICP --- NTX-I --- CTX-I --- RANKL/OPG --- ovarian cancer --- interleukin 21 --- interleukin 22 --- lymphocytes --- macrophages --- dendritic cells --- innate lymphoid cells --- breast cancer --- extracellular matrix --- proteins --- tumorigenesis --- tumor microenvironment

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After our successful first Special Issue about bladder cancer, we proceeded with the second issue. Again, many international scientists submitted their newest research results in that extremely interesting field and followed our call for submissions. It is not only the collection and combination of old and new markers that could develop new possibilities, but also the focus on different classifications and sub-classifications that will unveil new ways in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It seems that the two established diagnostic tools will still play an important role, but new markers and diagnostics tools will present more detailed and more differentiated possibilities in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer. This second Special Issue is full of scientific results that could provide new ways to help patients with instruments for early diagnostics and with predictive and prognostic markers on their way to finding new and personalized strategies for therapy. The editors thank all of the submitting authors for their efforts and time spent on each manuscript. We hope that this Special Issue will prove useful to research work in bladder cancer in the future. We hope that many talented researchers will use multiple forms of art to improve their professional successes and to ameliorate diagnostics and therapy in bladder cancer.

Metallothionein --- urothelium --- urothelial cancer --- cadmium exposure --- zinc transporter --- bladder --- TAGLN --- F-actin --- PTEN --- p53 --- tumorigenesis --- proliferation --- invasion --- TERT promoter mutations --- FGFR3 --- non muscle invasive bladder cancer --- BCG therapy --- bladder cancer --- JAK-STAT pathway --- combination therapy --- oncolytic adenovirus --- virotherapy --- STAT3/5 inhibitor --- JAK inhibitor --- XVir-N-31 --- bladder cancer detection --- urinary biomarkers --- DNA methylation --- ECRG4 --- ITIH5 --- n/a --- biomarker --- cancer --- grade --- metabolomics --- MS --- NMR --- biomarkers --- tumor markers --- prognosis --- heparanase --- syndecan-1 --- heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) --- urothelial carcinoma --- miRNA --- quantitative PCR --- tumor marker --- voided urine cytology --- KDM7A --- histone demethylase --- TC-E 5002 --- androgen receptor --- drug resistance --- non-invasive detection --- telomerase --- somatic mutations --- TERT promoter region --- muscle-invasive bladder cancer --- chemotherapy --- immunotherapy --- personalized medicine --- predictive biomarker --- survivin --- BIRC5 --- macrophage --- KRT20 --- ERBB2 --- MIBC --- prediction --- RT-qPCR --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- survival

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This Special Issue contributes original research and review articles on the role of new protein, molecular, and genetic markers used for the diagnosis and progression of civilization diseases, as well as biomarkers useful in the monitoring the effects of the implemented treatment.

pharmacogenomics --- NGS variants --- personalized medicine --- FSHR --- personalized drug therapy --- hedgehog-interacting protein --- impaired fasting glucose --- impaired glucose tolerance --- newly diagnosed diabetes --- normal glucose tolerance --- inflammatory bowel disease --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- extracellular matrix components --- hyaluronan --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- Crohn’s disease (CD) --- ulcerative colitis (UC) --- sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) --- hyaluronan (HA) --- soluble part of syndecan-1 (sCD138) --- microRNA --- cardiovascular disease --- diabetes --- mortality --- antiplatelet therapy --- platelet reactivity --- Let-7e --- miR-126 --- miR-223 --- miR-125a-3p --- CCL11 --- CCL24 --- CCL26 --- CCR3 --- CRC --- adiponectin --- adipokines --- rheumatology --- obesity --- overweight --- case control study --- rheumatoid arthritis --- TNF-α inhibitors --- bone turnover markers --- PINP --- PICP --- NTX-I --- CTX-I --- RANKL/OPG --- ovarian cancer --- interleukin 21 --- interleukin 22 --- lymphocytes --- macrophages --- dendritic cells --- innate lymphoid cells --- breast cancer --- extracellular matrix --- proteins --- tumorigenesis --- tumor microenvironment